Beginning in the late 19th century, as the
trade union and
labor movements
grew, different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on
which to celebrate labor. In the United States a September holiday
called Labor Day was first proposed in the 1880s. An early history of
the holiday dates the event's origins to a General Assembly of the
Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882.
[2]
In conjunction with this clandestine Knights assembly a public parade
of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the
auspices of the
Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York.
[2] Secretary of the CLU
Matthew Maguire
is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday
subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the
aftermath of this successful public demonstration.
[3]
Following the deaths of workers at the hands of
United States Army and
United States Marshals Service during the
Pullman Strike of 1894 in Chicago, the
United States Congress unanimously voted to approve legislation to make Labor Day a national holiday and President
Grover Cleveland signed it into law six days after the end of the strike.
[8]
Cleveland supported the creation of the national holiday in an attempt
to shore up support among trade unions following the Pullman Strike.
[9] The date of May 1 (an ancient European holiday known as
May Day) was an alternative date, celebrated then (and now) as
International Workers' Day,
but President Cleveland was concerned that observance of Labor Day on
May 1 would encourage Haymarket-style protests and would strengthen
socialist and
anarchist movements that, though distinct from one another, had rallied to commemorate the
Haymarket Affair on International Workers' Day.
[9][10]